EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE TC1044S Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter FEATURES GENERAL DESCRIPTION (cid:1) Converts +5V Logic Supply to ±5V System The TC1044S is a pin-compatible upgrade to the Indus- (cid:1) Wide Input Voltage Range ....................1.5V to 12V try standard TC7660 charge pump voltage converter. It (cid:1) Efficient Voltage Conversion.........................99.9% converts a +1.5V to +12V input to a corresponding –1.5V (cid:1) Excellent Power Efficiency...............................98% to –12V output using only two low cost capacitors, eliminat- (cid:1) Low Power Consumption ............80µA @ V = 5V ing inductors and their associated cost, size and EMI. IN (cid:1) Low Cost and Easy to Use Added features include an extended supply range to 12V, — Only Two External Capacitors Required and a frequency boost pin for higher operating frequency, (cid:1) RS-232 Negative Power Supply allowing the use of smaller external capacitors. (cid:1) Available in 8-Pin Small Outline (SOIC) and 8-Pin The on-board oscillator operates at a nominal frequency Plastic DIP Packages of 10kHz. Frequency is increased to 45kHz when pin 1 is (cid:1) Improved ESD Protection ..................... Up to 10kV connected to V+. Operation below 10kHz (for lower supply (cid:1) No External Diode Required for High Voltage current applications) is possible by connecting an external Operation capacitor from OSC to ground (with pin 1 open). (cid:1) Frequency Boost Raises F to 45kHz The TC1044S is available in both 8-pin DIP and OSC 8-pin small outline (SOIC) packages in commercial and extended temperature ranges. PIN CONFIGURATION (DIP AND SOIC) ORDERING INFORMATION Part No. Package Temp. Range TC1044SCOA 8-Pin SOIC 0°C to +70°C BOOST 1 8 V+ BOOST 1 8 V+ TC1044SCPA 8-Pin Plastic DIP 0°C to +70°C CAP+ 2 TC1044SCPA 7 OSC CAP+ 2 TC1044SCOA 7 OSC GND 3 TTCC11004444SSEIJPAA 6 LOW GND 3 TC1044SEOA 6 LOW TC1044SEOA 8-Pin SOIC – 40°C to +85°C TC1044SMJA VOLTAGE (LV) VOLTAGE (LV) TC1044SEPA 8-Pin Plastic DIP – 40°C to +85°C CAP– 4 5 VOUT CAP– 4 5 VOUT TC1044SIJA 8-Pin CerDIP – 25°C to +85°C TC1044SMJA 8-Pin CerDIP – 55°C to +125°C TC7660EV Charge Pump Family Evaluation Kit FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM V+ CAP+ 8 2 1 BOOST OSC 7 OSCILRLCATOR 2 VOLLETVAEGLE– 4 CAP– TRANSLATOR 6 LV 5 VOUT INTERNAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR LOGIC NETWORK TC1044S 3 GND © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A TC1044S-12 9/16/96

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS* Package Power Dissipation (TA ≤ 70°C) (Note 2) 8-Pin CerDIP ..................................................800mW Supply Voltage......................................................... +13V 8-Pin Plastic DIP.............................................730mW LV, Boost and OSC Inputs 8-Pin SOIC .....................................................470mW Voltage (Note 1) .........................– 0.3V to (V++ 0.3V) Operating Temperature Range for V+ < 5.5V C Suffix..................................................0°C to +70°C (V+ – 5.5V) to (V++ 0.3V) I Suffix...............................................– 25°C to +85°C for V+ > 5.5V E Suffix .............................................– 40°C to +85°C Current Into LV (Note 1)......................20µA for V+ > 3.5V M Suffix...........................................– 55°C to +125°C Output Short Duration (VSUPPLY ≤ 5.5V) .........Continuous Storage Temperature Range ................– 65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) .................+300°C *Static-sensitive device. Unused devices must be stored in conductive material. Protect devices from static discharge and static fields. Stresses above those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operation sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS: T = +25°C, V+ = 5V, C = 0, Test Circuit (Figure 1), unless otherwise A OSC indicated. Symbol Parameter Test Conditions Min Typ Max Unit I+ Supply Current R = ∞ — 80 160 µA L 0°C < T < +70°C — — 180 A – 40°C < T < +85°C — — 180 A – 55°C < T < +125°C — — 200 A I+ Supply Current 0°C < T < +70°C — — 300 µA A (Boost Pin = V+) – 40°C < T < +85°C — — 350 A – 55°C < T < +125°C — — 400 A V+ Supply Voltage Range, High Min ≤ T ≤ Max, 3 — 12 V H2 A R = 10 kΩ, LV Open L V+ Supply Voltage Range, Low Min ≤ T ≤ Max, 1.5 — 3.5 V L2 A R = 10 kΩ, LV to GND L R Output Source Resistance I = 20mA — 60 100 Ω OUT OUT I = 20mA, 0°C ≤ T ≤ +70°C — 70 120 OUT A I = 20mA, –40°C ≤ T ≤ +85°C — 70 120 OUT A I = 20mA, –55°C ≤ T ≤ +125°C — 105 150 OUT A V+ = 2V, I = 3 mA, LV to GND OUT 0°C ≤ T ≤ +70°C — — 250 Ω A – 55°C ≤ T ≤ +125°C — — 400 A F Oscillator Frequency Pin 7 open; Pin 1 open or GND — 10 — kHz OSC Boost Pin = V+ — 45 — P Power Efficiency R = 5 kΩ; Boost Pin Open 96 98 — % EFF L T < T < T ; Boost Pin Open 95 97 — MIN A MAX Boost Pin = V+ — 88 — ∞ V E Voltage Conversion Efficiency R = 99 99.9 — % OUT FF L Z Oscillator Impedance V+ = 2V — 1 — MΩ OSC V+ = 5V — 100 — kΩ NOTES: 1. Connecting any input terminal to voltages greater than V+ or less than GND may cause destructive latch-up. It is recommended that no inputs from sources operating from external supplies be applied prior to "power up" of the TC1044S. 2. Derate linearly above 50°C by 5.5mW/°C. TC1044S-12 9/16/96 2 © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S Circuit Description S S 1 2 The TC1044S contains all the necessary circuitry to V+ implement a voltage inverter, with the exception of two external capacitors, which may be inexpensive 10 µF polar- C 1 ized electrolytic capacitors. Operation is best understood by considering Figure 2, which shows an idealized voltage inverter. Capacitor C is charged to a voltage, V+, for the half 1 C GND 2 cycle when switches S1 and S3 are closed. (Note: Switches S3 S4 S and S are open during this half cycle.) During the second V = – V 2 4 OUT IN half cycle of operation, switches S and S are closed, with 2 4 S and S open, thereby shifting capacitor C negatively by 1 3 1 V+ volts. Charge is then transferred from C to C , such that 1 2 the voltage on C is exactly V+, assuming ideal switches and 2 no load on C . 2 The four switches in Figure 2 are MOS power switches; Figure 2. Idealized Charge Pump Inverter S is a P-channel device, and S , S and S are N-channel 1 2 3 4 devices. The main difficulty with this approach is that in The voltage regulator portion of the TC1044S is an integrating the switches, the substrates of S and S must integral part of the anti-latch-up circuitry. Its inherent voltage 3 4 always remain reverse-biased with respect to their sources, drop can, however, degrade operation at low voltages. To but not so much as to degrade their ON resistances. In improve low-voltage operation, the “LV” pin should be addition, at circuit start-up, and under output short circuit connected to GND, disabling the regulator. For supply conditions (V = V+), the output voltage must be sensed voltages greater than 3.5V, the LV terminal must be left OUT and the substrate bias adjusted accordingly. Failure to open to ensure latch-up-proof operation and prevent device accomplish this will result in high power losses and probable damage. device latch-up. This problem is eliminated in the TC1044S by a logic Theoretical Power Efficiency network which senses the output voltage (V ) together Considerations OUT with the level translators, and switches the substrates of In theory, a capacitive charge pump can approach S and S to the correct level to maintain necessary reverse 3 4 100% efficiency if certain conditions are met: bias. (1) The drive circuitry consumes minimal power. (2) The output switches have extremely low ON resistance and virtually no offset. V+ IS (3) The impedances of the pump and reservoir 1 8 capacitors are negligible at the pump frequency. V+ The TC1044S approaches these conditions for nega- 2 7 (+5V) 1CµF1 + 3 TC1044S 6 COSC* IL tuivsee dv.o lEtangeer gmyu litsip llicoastti oonn ifl yla ringe tvhael utersa nosf fCer1 aonf dc Ch2a ragree between capacitors if a change in voltage occurs. The 4 5 RL energy lost is defined by: VOUT E = 1/2 C (V 2 – V 2) 1 1 2 C2 V and V are the voltages on C during the pump and + 10µF transf1er cycle2s. If the impedances of C1 and C are relatively 1 2 high at the pump frequency (refer to Figure 2) compared to the value of R , there will be a substantial difference in L NOTE: For large values of COSC (>1000pF), the values voltages V and V . Therefore, it is desirable not only to of C1 and C2 should be increased to 100µF. make C a1s large a2s possible to eliminate output voltage 2 ripple, but also to employ a correspondingly large value for C in order to achieve maximum efficiency of operation. Figure 1. TC1044S Test Circuit 1 © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A 3 TC1044S-12 9/16/96

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S Dos and Don'ts The output characteristics of the circuit in Figure 3 are those of a nearly ideal voltage source in series with 70Ω. • Do not exceed maximum supply voltages. Thus, for a load current of –10mA and a supply voltage of • Do not connect the LV terminal to GND for supply +5V, the output voltage would be – 4.3V. voltages greater than 3.5V. The dynamic output impedance of the TC1044S is due, primarily, to capacitive reactance of the charge transfer • Do not short circuit the output to V+ supply for voltages capacitor (C ). Since this capacitor is connected to the 1 above 5.5V for extended periods; however, transient output for only 1/2 of the cycle, the equation is: conditions including start-up are okay. 2 • When using polarized capacitors in the inverting mode, XC = 2 π f C = 3.18Ω, 1 the + terminal of C must be connected to pin 2 of the 1 TC1044S and the + terminal of C2 must be connected where f = 10 kHz and C1 = 10µF. to GND. Paralleling Devices Simple Negative Voltage Converter Any number of TC1044S voltage converters may be Figure 3 shows typical connections to provide a nega- paralleled to reduce output resistance (Figure 4). The reser- tive supply where a positive supply is available. A similar voir capacitor, C2, serves all devices, while each device scheme may be employed for supply voltages anywhere in requires its own pump capacitor, C1. The resultant output the operating range of +1.5V to +12V, keeping in mind that resistance would be approximately: pin 6 (LV) is tied to the supply negative (GND) only for supply voltages below 3.5V. R (of TC1044S) OUT R = OUT n (number of devices) + V 1 8 2 7 V * C1 + TC1044S C OUT 10µF 3 6 + 102µF 4 5 *NOTES: Figure 3. Simple Negative Converter + V 1 8 2 7 1 8 TC1044S C1 3 6 2 7 RL TC1044S 4 "1" 5 C 3 6 1 4 "n" 5 C 2 + Figure 4. Paralleling Devices Lowers Output Impedance TC1044S-12 9/16/96 4 © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S + V 1 8 2 7 1 8 + TC1044S 10µF 3 6 2 7 TC1044S + 4 "1" 5 10µF 3 6 4 "n" 5 V * OUT 10µF + *NOTES: 1. VOUT = –n(V+) for 1.5V ≤ V+ ≤ 12V + 10µF Figure 5. Increased Output Voltage by Cascading Devices Cascading Devices situation where the designer has generated the external clock frequency using TTL logic, the addition of a 10kΩ pull- The TC1044S may be cascaded as shown (Figure 5) to up resistor to V+ supply is required. Note that the pump produce larger negative multiplication of the initial supply frequency with external clocking, as with internal clocking, voltage. However, due to the finite efficiency of each device, will be 1/2 of the clock frequency. Output transitions occur on the practical limit is 10 devices for light loads. The output the positive-going edge of the clock. voltage is defined by: It is also possible to increase the conversion efficiency of the TC1044S at low load levels by lowering the oscillator V = –n(V ) OUT IN frequency. This reduces the switching losses, and is achieved by connecting an additional capacitor, C , as shown in where n is an integer representing the number of devices OSC Figure 7. Lowering the oscillator frequency will cause an cascaded. The resulting output resistance would be ap- undesirable increase in the impedance of the pump (C ) and proximately the weighted sum of the individual TC1044S 1 the reservoir (C ) capacitors. To overcome this, increase the R values. 2 OUT values of C and C by the same factor that the frequency 1 2 has been reduced. For example, the addition of a 100pF Changing the TC1044S Oscillator Frequency capacitor between pin 7 (OSC) and pin 8 (V+) will lower the It may be desirable in some applications (due to noise or oscillator frequency to 1kHz from its nominal frequency of other considerations) to increase the oscillator frequency. 10kHz (a multiple of 10), and necessitate a corresponding Pin 1, frequency boost pin may be connected to V+ to increase in the values of C and C (from 10µF to 100µF). 1 2 increase oscillator frequency to 45kHz from a nominal of 10kHz for an input supply voltage of 5.0 volts. The oscillator Positive Voltage Multiplication may also be synchronized to an external clock as shown in The TC1044S may be employed to achieve positive Figure 6. In order to prevent possible device latch-up, a 1kΩ voltage multiplication using the circuit shown in Figure 8. In resistor must be used in series with the clock output. In a this application, the pump inverter switches of the TC1044S are used to charge C to a voltage level of V+ – V (where V+ 1 F + + V V is the supply voltage and V is the forward voltage drop of F 1 8 diode D1). On the transfer cycle, the voltage on C1 plus the 1kΩ CMOS supply voltage (V+) is applied through diode D2 to capacitor + 2 TC1044S 7 GATE C2. The voltage thus created on C2 becomes (2V+) – (2VF), 10µF 3 6 or twice the supply voltage minus the combined forward voltage drops of diodes D and D . 4 5 V 1 2 OUT The source impedance of the output (V ) will depend OUT 10µF on the output current, but for V+ = 5V and an output current + of 10mA, it will be approximately 60Ω. Figure 6. External Clocking © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A 5 TC1044S-12 9/16/96

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S will bypass the other (D and D in Figure 9 would never turn 1 2 + V on), or else the diode and resistor shown dotted in Figure 10 1 8 can be used to "force" the internal regulator on. COSC 2 7 Voltage Splitting + TC1044S C1 3 6 The same bidirectional characteristics used in Figure 10 4 5 VOUT can also be used to split a higher supply in half, as shown in C2 Figure 11. The combined load will be evenly shared be- + tween the two sides. Once again, a high value resistor to the LV pin ensures start-up. Because the switches share the Figure 7. Lowering Oscillator Frequency load in parallel, the output impedance is much lower than in the standard circuits, and higher currents can be drawn from Combined Negative Voltage Conversion the device. By using this circuit, and then the circuit of Figure and Positive Supply Multiplication 5, +15V can be converted (via +7.5V and –7.5V) to a nominal –15V, though with rather high series resistance (~250Ω). Figure 9 combines the functions shown in Figures 3 and 8 to provide negative voltage conversion and positive volt- age multiplication simultaneously. This approach would be, V+ for example, suitable for generating +9V and –5V from an V = –V+ OUT existing +5V supply. In this instance, capacitors C1 and C3 1 8 perform the pump and reservoir functions, respectively, for the generation of the negative voltage, while capacitors C2 2 TC1044S 7 D + C3 and C4 are pump and reservoir, respectively, for the multi- 3 6 1 plied positive voltage. There is a penalty in this configuration V = which combines both functions, however, in that the source + 4 5 (2O VU+T) – (2 V ) D F C 2 impedances of the generated supplies will be somewhat 1 + higher due to the finite impedance of the common charge + C pump driver at pin 2 of the device. 2 C 4 Efficient Positive Voltage Multiplication/Conversion Figure 9. Combined Negative Converter and Positive Multiplier Since the switches that allow the charge pumping op- eration are bidirectional, the charge transfer can be per- Negative Voltage Generation for formed backwards as easily as forwards. Figure 10 shows Display ADCs a TC1044S transforming –5V to +5V (or +5V to +10V, etc.). The only problem here is that the internal clock and switch- The TC7106 is designed to work from a 9V battery. With drive section will not operate until some positive voltage has a fixed power supply system, the TC7106 will perform been generated. An initial inefficient pump, as shown in conversions with input signal referenced to power supply Figure 9, could be used to start this circuit up, after which it ground. Negative Supply Generation for 4¹⁄₂ Digit Data Acquisition System V+ The TC7135 is a 4¹⁄₂ digit ADC operating from ±5V 1 8 supplies. The TC1044S provides an inexpensive –5V source. (See AN16 and AN17 for TC7135 interface details and 2 7 D1 VOUT = software routines.) 3 TC1044S 6 D2 (2 V+) – (2 VF) 4 5 + + C1 C2 Figure 8. Positive Voltage Multiplier TC1044S-12 9/16/96 6 © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S – V+ V = –V OUT + RL1 50 µF 1 8 1 8 + 2 7 C1 + 23 TC1044S 76 1 MΩ 10µF VVO+U2–TV =– +5µ0F 1k0Ω0 100 34 TC1044S 65 1 MΩ 10µF RL2 kΩ 4 5 50 + V–INPUT µF V– Figure 10. Positive Voltage Conversion Figure 11. Splitting a Supply in Half TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Unloaded Osc Freq vs. Temperature Unloaded Osc Freq vs. Temperature with Boost Pin = V IN 12 60 Hz) 10 Hz) 50 k k Y ( Y ( C 8 C 40 N N UE UE VIN = 5V Q Q E 6 VIN = 5V E 30 R R F F V = 12V R R IN O 4 O 20 T T A V = 12V A L IN L CIL 2 CIL 10 S S O O 0 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C) Supply Current vs. Temperature Voltage Conversion (with Boost Pin = V ) IN 1000 %)101.0 Y ( C N 800 CIE100.5 FI Without Load EF100.0 600 VIN = 12V N O A) SI 99.5 µ R (DD400 VE 10K Load I N O 99.0 C E 200 G VIN = 5V A 98.5 T L T = 25°C O A 0 V 98.0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TEMPERATURE (°C) INPUT VOLTAGE V (V) IN © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A 7 TC1044S-12 9/16/96

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Cont.) Output Source Resistance vs. Supply Voltage Output Source Resistance vs. Temperature 100 100 Ω) Ω) CE ( 70 CE ( 80 VIN = 2.5V N N A 50 A T T ESIS ESIS 60 VIN = 5.5V R 30 R E E C C 40 R R U U O O S S T IOUT = 20mA T 20 PU TA = 25°C PU T T U U O 10 O 0 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.511.5 12 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) TEMPERATURE (°C) Output Voltage vs. Output Current Power Conversion Efficiency vs. Load 0 100 90 Boost Pin = Open -2 (V)OUT -4 Y (%) 7800 Boost Pin = V+ V C 60 E N AG -6 CIE 50 OLT EFFI 40 UT V -8 WER 30 UTP -10 PO 20 O 10 -12 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 5 0 050 50 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 1. 1. 2. 3.4.6. 7.9. 0. 5. 0. 5. 0. 5.0. 0. 5.0. 1 1 2 2 3 34 5 56 LOAD CURRENT (mA) Supply Current vs. Temperature 200 175 µA) 150 (D T ID125 N E 100 VIN = 12.5V R R CU 75 Y PL 50 P V = 5.5V U IN S 25 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 TEMPERATURE (°C) TC1044S-12 9/16/96 8 © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S PACKAGE DIMENSIONS 8-Pin Plastic DIP PIN 1 .260 (6.60) .240 (6.10) .045 (1.14) .070 (1.78) .030 (0.76) .040 (1.02) .310 (7.87) .400 (10.16) .290 (7.37) .348 (8.84) .200 (5.08) .140 (3.56) .040 (1.02) .020 (0.51) .015 (0.38) 3° MIN. .150 (3.81) .008 (0.20) .115 (2.92) .400 (10.16) .310 (7.87) .110 (2.79) .022 (0.56) .090 (2.29) .015 (0.38) 8-Pin CerDIP .110 (2.79) .090 (2.29) PIN 1 .300 (7.62) .230 (5.84) .055 (1.40) MAX. .020 (0.51) MIN. .400 (10.16) .320 (8.13) .370 (9.40) .290 (7.37) .040 (1.02) .200 (5.08) .020 (0.51) .160 (4.06) .200 (5.08) .150 (3.81) ..001058 ((00..3280)) 3° MIN. .125 (3.18) MIN. .400 (10.16) .320 (8.13) .065 (1.65) .020 (0.51) .045 (1.14) .016 (0.41) Dimensions: inches (mm) © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A 9 TC1044S-12 9/16/96

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S PACKAGE DIMENSIONS (CONT.) 8-Pin SOIC .157 (3.99) .244 (6.20) .150 (3.81) .228 (5.79) .050 (1.27) TYP. .197 (5.00) .189 (4.80) .069 (1.75) .053 (1.35) 8° MAX. .010 (0.25) .007 (0.18) .020 (0.51) .010 (0.25) .050 (1.27) .013 (0.33) .004 (0.10) .016 (0.40) Dimensions: inches (mm) TC1044S-12 9/16/96 10 © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A

Charge Pump DC-TO-DC Voltage Converter TC1044S WORLDWIDE SALES AND SERVICE AMERICAS New York ASIA/PACIFIC (continued) Corporate Office 150 Motor Parkway, Suite 202 Singapore Hauppauge, NY 11788 2355 West Chandler Blvd. Microchip Technology Singapore Pte Ltd. Tel: 631-273-5305 Fax: 631-273-5335 Chandler, AZ 85224-6199 200 Middle Road San Jose Tel: 480-792-7200 Fax: 480-792-7277 #07-02 Prime Centre Technical Support: 480-792-7627 Microchip Technology Inc. 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It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. No representation or warranty is given and no liability is assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such use or otherwise. Use of Microchipís products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized except with express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, except as maybe explicitly expressed herein, under any intellec- tual property rights. The Microchip logo and name are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. All rights reserved. All other trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective companies. © 2001 Microchip Technology Inc. DS21348A 11 TC1044S-12 9/16/96

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