Analog and Interface Product Solutions Digital Potentiometers Design Guide Supporting digital potentiometer applications, including: mechanical potentiometer replacement, amplifiers with offset and trimming, band pass filtering with offset and gain trimming, programmable filter, Whetstone bridge trimming and general embedded system design techniques. Design ideas in this guide use the following devices. A complete device list and corresponding data sheets for these products can be found at www.microchip.com. MCP4011 MCP4021 MCP41010 MCP4012 MCP4022 MCP41050 MCP4013 MCP4023 MCP41100 MCP4014 MCP4024 MCP42010 MCP42050 MCP42100 www.microchip.com/analog

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Microchip’s Family of Digital Potentiometers The serial interface options allow the designer to easily integrate the device into the application. For some Microchip offers a range of devices that allow the applications the simple Up/Down interface will be customer to select a device that is a best fit for their adequate, while for other applications the SPI interface will application. Some of the selection options include: better meet their system requirements. (cid:132) A wide range of resistor values The availability of both volatile and non-volatile devices – RAB resistance (typical) from 2.1 kΩ to 100 kΩ allows the designer flexibility in optimizing the application. (cid:132) Step resolution Some applications may use the digital potentiometer as a – 6-bit replacement for a mechanical potentiometer. In this case, – 8-bit a non-volatile device with the serial interface connecting to the test hardware interface allows a low cost device with (cid:132) Serial Interfaces low cost manufacturing. – Up/Down Resistor Network configurations allow the package size/ – SPI cost to be minimized for the desired functionality. If a (cid:132) Memory Types variable resistor (rheostat) with one terminal tied – Volatile to ground is desired, then only one resistor terminal – Non-volatile (the wiper) needs to be implemented. In the MCP402X (cid:132) Resistor Network Configurations family, this configuration is shown in the MCP4024 and – Potentiometer (Resistor divider) allows the functionality to be achieved in the low-cost SOT-23-5 package. The potentiometer pinout with all – Rheostat (Variable resistor) terminals available requires an 8-pin package. (cid:132) Single/dual Potentiometer Options Dual potentiometer options allow the customer to have (cid:132) Package Options potentiometers/variable resistors that are closely matched (cid:132) Special Features in the system, since the two devices are on the same – Shutdown Mode device die. – WiperLock™ Technology Packaging options allow customers to address their (cid:132) Low Voltage, Low Power Options system requirement trade-offs including device cost, board area, and manufacturing sites (surface mount vs. Resistor sizes and resolutions allow the designer to thru-hole). Packages include tiny 3x3 SOT-23 and 3x2 DFN select the step resistance and number of steps. For the packages. device with the resistance (RAB) equal to 2.1 kΩ, there are 64 steps (63 resistors), so the step resistance (RS) equals RAB/63 (or 33.33Ω). Now at the other end of the spectrum, for the device with the resistance (RAB) equal to 50 kΩ, there are 64 steps (63 resistors), so the step resistance (RS) equals RAB/63 (or 793.65Ω). 2 Digital Potentiometer Design Guide

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Low Power Applications Low Voltage Applications Many applications are very power sensitive. Typically, these Some applications require a low operating voltage. are battery powered applications. Microchip Technology’s Microchip offers devices that operate down to 1.8V, which MCP401X, MCP402X, MCP41XXX and MCP42XXX have a are useful for many battery applications. At these lower maximum IDD of 1 μA when the serial interface is inactive. voltages (below 2.7V), the analog performance of the The non-volatile memory is also not being programmed for device is not specified, but is characterized. For many the MCP402X device. applications this may be acceptable. Low power devices include: MCP4011, MCP4012, 1.8V operational devices include: MCP4011, MCP4012, MCP4013, MCP4014, MCP4021, MCP4022, MCP4023 MCP4013 and MCP4014. and MCP4024. Product Specifications Device R (k)ΩAB (typ.) SerialInterface VolatileNon-Volatile Resolution # RSResistors R ()ΩS (typ.) Zero-Scale/(1)Full-Scale # of Channels WiperLock™Technology ShutdownMode Configuration VoltageRange # of Pins Packages I max DD(3)(A)μ -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 MCP4011 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4012 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4013 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 MCP4014 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 MCP4021 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4022 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4023 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 MCP4024 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 Note 1: Zero-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal B, while full-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal A. 2: There is one RS resistor between the maximum wiper value and Terminal A. 3: This current is with the serial interface inactive, and not during an EEPROM write cycle (for non-volatile devices). 4: The serial interface has been tested to 1.8V, the device’s analog characteristics (resistor) have been tested from 2.7V to 5.5V. Review the device’s characterization graphs for information on analog performance between 1.8V and 2.7V. Digital Potentiometer Design Guide 3

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Small Footprint Applications Small Footprint Devices Some applications require devices with tiny footprints. MpSamiccarkolalc gfhoeiospt. porfifnetr sd esveivceersa li ndceluvidcee:s M inC vPe4r0y 1s1m, aMllC fPo4rm0 1fa2c, tor MSOP SOT-23 40%th aSnM MALSLOEPR DFN 6t0h3%a3n%t hS MaSMnSMA OSALOPLL TELa-ERn2dR3 MCP4013, MCP4014, MCP4021, MCP4022, MCP4023 3 mm 3 mm 2 mm and MCP4024. 5 mm 3 mm 3 mm Package Area (mm2) MSOP 15 SOT-23 9 DFN 6 Product Specifications Device R (k)ΩAB (typ.) SerialInterface VolatileNon-Volatile Resolution # RSResistors R ()ΩS (typ.) Zero-Scale/(1)Full-Scale # of Channels WiperLock™Technology ShutdownMode Configuration VoltageRange # of Pins Packages I max DD(3)(A)μ -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 MCP4011 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4012 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4013 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 MCP4014 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 MCP4021 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4022 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4023 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 MCP4024 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 Note 1: Zero-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal B, while full-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal A. 2: There is one RS resistor between the maximum wiper value and Terminal A. 3: This current is with the serial interface inactive, and not during an EEPROM write cycle (for non-volatile devices). 4: The serial interface has been tested to 1.8V, the device’s analog characteristics (resistor) have been tested from 2.7V to 5.5V. Review the device’s characterization graphs for information on analog performance between 1.8V and 2.7V. 4 Digital Potentiometer Design Guide

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Non-Volatile Applications Many applications require the use of a mechanical trim pot for the calibration of the system to optimize Non-volatile devices allow the desired wiper position to be system performance. This may be done to calibrate the saved through a device power down or brown-out condition. characteristics of some other component on the board When the device power is restored, the wiper value is (such as a sensor). Mechanical trim pots are not as loaded with the wiper value stored in the non-volatile reliable as a semiconductor implementation (susceptible register. to vibration, humidity, ...) and have higher manufacturing This is useful for both applications where the wiper costs, due to the manual requirements for tuning and the value is programmed once and never changed (system gluing the setting into position. calibration) as well as applications where the last user WiperLock™ Technology is the method that allows setting is saved on system powerdown (such as a volume Microchips non-volatile devices to ensure that once the setting). non-volatile wiper is “locked” the wiper setting (volatile and non-volatile) can not be modified except with “High Voltage” commands. This inhibits accidental modification of the wiper setting, as long as the high voltage is not present to the digital potentiometer during normal operation. WiperLock™ Technology Operation Example VIH VIH CS VIL tWC VIH 1 2 3 4 5 6 U/D VIL WiperLock™ EEPROM X X X X X X+4 Technology Disabled X X+1 X+2 X+3 X+4 Wiper EEPROM X WiperLock™ Technology Enabled Wiper X Product Specifications Device R (k)ΩAB (typ.) SerialInterface VolatileNon-Volatile Resolution # RSResistors R ()ΩS (typ.) Zero-Scale/(1)Full-Scale # of Channels WiperLock™Technology ShutdownMode Configuration VoltageRange # of Pins Packages I max DD(3)(A)μ -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 MCP4021 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4022 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4023 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 MCP4024 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 Note 1: Zero-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal B, while full-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal A. 2: There is one RS resistor between the maximum wiper value and Terminal A. 3: This current is with the serial interface inactive, and not during an EEPROM write cycle (for non-volatile devices). 4: The serial interface has been tested to 1.8V, the device’s analog characteristics (resistor) have been tested from 2.7V to 5.5V. Review the device’s characterization graphs for information on analog performance between 1.8V and 2.7V. Digital Potentiometer Design Guide 5

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Serial Interfaces Up/Down Microchip currently offers two serial interfaces: This is an easy to implement interface that requires two pins and can be implemented with minimal software (cid:132) An Up/Down interface overhead. This interface is also easy for test systems (cid:132) An SPI interface when using the non-volatile devices as replacements for mechanical potentiometers. Increment Decrement VIH VIH CS VIL CS VIL 1 2 3 4 5 6 VIH 1 2 3 4 VIH 5 6 U/D U/D VIL VIL V IL X X-1 X-2 X-3 X-4 X X+1 X+2 X+3 X+4 Wiper Wiper Product Specifications Device R (k)ΩAB (typ.) SerialInterface VolatileNon-Volatile Resolution # RSResistors R ()ΩS (typ.) Zero-Scale/(1)Full-Scale # of Channels WiperLock™Technology ShutdownMode Configuration VoltageRange # of Pins Packages I max DD(3)(A)μ -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 MCP4011 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4012 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4013 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Pot 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 MCP4014 -103 10.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down V 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 N N Rheo 1.8V to 5.5V(4) 5 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 MCP4021 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 DFN, MSOP, SOIC 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4022 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 MCP4023 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 6 SOT-23 1 -202 2.1 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 33.33 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 -502 5.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 79.37 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 MCP4024 -103 10.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 158.73 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 -503 50.0 Up/Down NV 6-bit 63 793.65 Y/Y 1 Y N Rheo 2.7V to 5.5V 5 SOT-23 1 Note 1: Zero-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal B, while full-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal A. 2: There is one RS resistor between the maximum wiper value and Terminal A. 3: This current is with the serial interface inactive, and not during an EEPROM write cycle (for non-volatile devices). 4: The serial interface has been tested to 1.8V, the device’s analog characteristics (resistor) have been tested from 2.7V to 5.5V. Review the device’s characterization graphs for information on analog performance between 1.8V and 2.7V. 6 Digital Potentiometer Design Guide

Digital Potentiometer Solutions SPI Controller to Single Peripheral This is also an easy to implement interface, that requires three or four I/O pins. The additional pins allow data to Controller Peripheral be read back from the device or to allow device daisy chaining. Daisy chaining allows the SPI interface to update SDO SDI all devices in that chain at the same time. SCK SCK Many microcontrollers offer this interface as a hardware SDI* SDO* module, further simplifying the code development. CS CS *This connection is optional and only required for read operations. Controller to Multiple Peripherals (Multiple Chip Selects) Controller Peripheral Peripheral SDO SDI SDI SCK SCK SCK SDI* SDO* SDO* CS0 CS CS CS1 *This connection is optional and only required for read operations. Additional circuitry may be required for ORing of the peripheral SDO signals based on the device selected. Controller to Multiple Peripherals (Daisy Chaining) Controller Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral SDO SDI SDI SDI SCK SCK SCK SCK SDI* SDO SDO SDO CS CS CS CS Product Specifications Device R (k)ΩAB (typ.) SerialInterface VolatileNon-Volatile Resolution # RSResistors R ()ΩS (typ.) Zero-Scale/(1)Full-Scale # of Channels WiperLock™Technology ShutdownMode Configuration VoltageRange # of Pins Packages (3)I max (A)μDD MCP41010 10.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 39.06 Y/N(2) 1 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 SOIC, PDIP 1 MCP41050 50.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 195.31 Y/N(2) 1 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 SOIC, PDIP 1 MCP41100 100.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 390.625 Y/N(2) 1 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 SOIC, PDIP 1 MCP42010 10.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 39.06 Y/N(2) 2 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 14 TSSOP, SOIC, PDIP 1 MCP42050 50.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 195.31 Y/N(2) 2 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 14 TSSOP, SOIC, PDIP 1 MCP42100 100.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 390.625 Y/N(2) 2 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 14 TSSOP, SOIC, PDIP 1 Note 1: Zero-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal B, while full-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal A. 2: There is one RS resistor between the maximum wiper value and Terminal A. 3: This current is with the serial interface inactive, and not during an EEPROM write cycle (for non-volatile devices). 4: The serial interface has been tested to 1.8V, the device’s analog characteristics (resistor) have been tested from 2.7V to 5.5V. Review the device’s characterization graphs for information on analog performance between 1.8V and 2.7V. Digital Potentiometer Design Guide 7

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Dual Potentiometer Options Some devices offer two potentiometers in a single In some applications, the RAB resistance variation between package. These are often referred to as Potentiometer 0 potentiometers is important for the application circuit. and Potentiometer 1. Having multiple potentiometers on When these potentiometers are on the same silicon, the the same device offers several advantages, including: RAB resistance variation is small compared to the possible (cid:132) Cost per potentiometer variation of the RAB resistance on different devices. ≤ (cid:132) Layout area per potentiometer (cid:132) Variation between potentiometers Product Specifications Device R (k)ΩAB (typ.) SerialInterface VolatileNon-Volatile Resolution # RSResistors R ()ΩS (typ.) R (to R ABAB01Resistance Variation (max.) Zero-Scale/(1)Full-Scale # of Channels WiperLock™Technology ShutdownMode Configuration VoltageRange # of Pins Packages (3)I max (A)μDD MCP41010 10.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 39.06 ≤ 1% Y/N(2) 1 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 SOIC, PDIP 1 MCP41050 50.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 195.31 ≤ 1% Y/N(2) 1 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 SOIC, PDIP 1 MCP42100 100.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 390.625 ≤ 1% Y/N(2) 2 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 14 TSSOP, SOIC, PDIP 1 Note 1: Zero-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal B, while full-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal A. 2: There is one RS resistor between the maximum wiper value and Terminal A. 3: This current is with the serial interface inactive, and not during an EEPROM write cycle (for non-volatile devices). 4: The serial interface has been tested to 1.8V, the device’s analog characteristics (resistor) have been tested from 2.7V to 5.5V. Review the device’s characterization graphs for information on analog performance between 1.8V and 2.7V. 8 Digital Potentiometer Design Guide

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Resistance Options and Resolutions Voltage Windowing Microchip offers Digital Potentiometer devices with typical RAB resistances of 2.1 KΩ, 5 KΩ, 10 KΩ, 50 KΩ and 100 KΩ. The devices offer either 6- or 8-bits of resolution. The step resistance (RS) is the RAB resistances divided by R1 the number of wiper steps. The step resistance is important to understand when VA you are using the device in a rheostat mode, or the PA potentiometer is being windowed by resistors on the Terminal A and/or on the Terminal B. Voltage Windowing RAC P0W Terminal A and Terminal B may for example be any voltage within the device specification limits. Lets call the voltages at these nodes VA and VB. So the voltage across PB the resistor RAB (VAB) is | VA - VB |. The VAB voltage is determined by the values of the R1, R2 and RAB resistors. VB As the VAB voltage becomes smaller relative to the voltage range, the effective resolution of the device increase, though the resolution is limited to between the VA and VB R2 voltages. This allows a less precise device to be used for more precise circuit tuning over a narrower range. When replacing a mechanical potentiometer, this configuration can be used and R1 and R2 may be any resistance (including 0). Resistance Options Step Resistance (Rs) (Ω - typ.) RAB Resistance (KΩ - typ.) 6-bit Device 8-bit Device Comment (63 resistors) (256 resistors) 2.1 33.33 – Smallest Step Resistance available 5.0 79.37 – 10.0 158.73 39.06 Can trade off between cost and Step Resistance (resolution). 50.0 793.65 195.31 Can trade off between cost and Step Resistance (resolution). 100.0 – 390.63 How the VAB Voltage Effects the Effective Resolution Step Voltage (VS) (mV) Effective Resolution VAB 6-bit Device 8-bit Device 6-bit Device 8-bit Device Comment (63 resistors) (256 resistors) (63 resistors) (256 resistors) 5.0 79.4 19.5 6-bits 8-bits VAB = VDD 2.5 39.7 9.8 7-bits 9-bits VDD = 5.0V 1.25 1.98 4.9 8-bits 10-bits VDD = 5.0V Digital Potentiometer Design Guide 9

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Shutdown Normal vs. Shutdown Mode Shutdown allows the resistor network to be disconnected from the circuit. This can substantially reduce the current “Normal” Mode “Shutdown” Mode of the system. In the MCP42XXX devices, when the SHDN PA PA pin is low, Terminal A is disconnected from the resistor network and Terminal W is connected to Terminal B. When the device enters “Shutdown” mode, the current path from Terminal A to Terminal B is opened. This minimizes the system current. Also the wiper is forced to be connected to Terminal B. This is to force that node to a known state P0W P0W so that system power consumption can be minimized. PB PB Product Specifications Device R (k)ΩAB (typ.) SerialInterface VolatileNon-Volatile Resolution # RSResistors R ()ΩS (typ.) Zero-Scale/(1)Full-Scale # of Channels WiperLock™Technology ShutdownMode Configuration VoltageRange # of Pins Packages (3)I max (A)μDD MCP41010 10.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 39.06 Y/N(2) 1 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 SOIC, PDIP 1 MCP41050 50.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 195.31 Y/N(2) 1 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 8 SOIC, PDIP 1 MCP42100 100.0 SPI V 8-bit 256 390.625 Y/N(2) 2 N Y Pot 2.7V to 5.5V 14 TSSOP, SOIC, PDIP 1 Note 1: Zero-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal B, while full-scale allows the wiper to “directly” connect to Terminal A. 2: There is one RS resistor between the maximum wiper value and Terminal A. 3: This current is with the serial interface inactive, and not during an EEPROM write cycle (for non-volatile devices). 4: The serial interface has been tested to 1.8V, the device’s analog characteristics (resistor) have been tested from 2.7V to 5.5V. Review the device’s characterization graphs for information on analog performance between 1.8V and 2.7V. 10 Digital Potentiometer Design Guide

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Application Circuits and Techniques In the following circuit, a resistor ladder is used to Digital potentiometers are a good fit for applications to create a voltage window where Pot1 is used to trim the trim offset and gain in amplifier circuits. In this following desired offset for the non-inverting amplifier. A second circuit, a resistor ladder is used to create a voltage window potentiometer is used in a rheostat mode to control the where Pot1 is used to trim the desired offset for the gain of the amplifier. The step resistance of Pot2 relative inverting amplifier. A second potentiometer (Pot2) is used to resistor R3 determines if the gain trimming is a fine in a rheostat mode along with resistor R3 to control the adjustment or a course adjustment. Capacitor C1 is for gain of the amplifier. The step resistance of Pot2 relative compensation of the op amp and to inhibit the output from to resistor R3 determines if the gain trimming is a fine oscillating. adjustment or a course adjustment. Capacitor C1 is for In this circuit, there is an interaction between the compensation of the op amp and to inhibit the output from offset trimming and the gain trimming. To minimize this oscillating. interaction, Pot2 should be small compared to resistor R3 In this circuit, there is no interaction between the offset and Pot1 should be small relative to the sum of R1 and trimming and the gain trimming, but the input signal (VIN) R2. But the input signal (VIN) is not loaded. is loaded by the resistance of R3 plus Pot2’s RBW value. Non-Inverting Amplifier with Offset and Gain Trimming Inverting Amplifier with Offset and Gain Trimming R1 R1 VIN + VOUT VW + VOUT A Pot1 VW - A - Pot1 W C1 W C1 B Pot2 R3 B B A R3 Pot2 R4 R2 B A R2 VIN W W Digital Potentiometer Design Guide 11

Digital Potentiometer Solutions In the following circuit, a resistor ladder is used to create The following circuit shows a Wheatstone Bridge with a voltage window where Pot1 is used to trim the desired current limiting. In a Wheatstone Bridge, there are four offset for the band pass filter. This resistor ladder setting resistive elements. In this example, two are fixed value also works with capacitor C2 to set the high pass filter (R1 and R2), there is a resistive sensor (RSENSOR) and then frequency. there is the digital potentiometer in rheostat configuration to calibrate the circuit due to variations of the resistive A second potentiometer (Pot2) is used in a rheostat mode sensor. This sensor could be for temperature or weight along with R3 and R4 to control the gain of the amplifier. measurement. The step resistance of Pot2 relative to resistors R3 and R4 determines if the gain trimming is a fine adjustment or a At a default condition the sensor should be a given course adjustment. Capacitor C1 along with Pot2, R3 and value, but this value will change from device to device. R4 is used to set the low pass filter. To compensate for the resistive changes in the R1 plus Capacitor C1 is also used for compensation of the Op Amp RSENSOR leg of the bridge, the Rheo2 would be modified for the R2 plus Rheo2 leg of the bridge. This would be and to inhibit the output from oscillating. done so that the voltages of VBRG1 and VBRG2 are at their If capacitor C1 is not present, then the circuit is a high desired levels. Many times this is VBRG1 = VBRG2. pass filter, while if capacitor C2 is not present then the Now as the conditions on the sensor change, the circuit is a low pass filter. resistance of the sensor will change, causing the VBRG2 Band Pass Filter with Offset and Gain Trimming voltage to change. The delta voltage between VBRG1 and VBRG2 can then be used to determine the state of the system (temperature, weight, etc.). Rheo 1 is used in a rheostat mode to limit the current or R1 trim the current through the Wheatstone Bridge. C2 A VIN + VOUT Wheatstone Bridge Trimming - Pot1 W C1 A B W R3 Pot2 R4 R2 B A Rheo1 B W R1 R2 VBRG2 VBRG1 The following circuit will the use of an RC filter (Potx and Cx) will filter at the selected frequency. that frequency is Rheo2 determined by the rheostat value (RBW) of the Pot and RSENSOR the capacitor value (Cx). each additional stage of the RC filter is used to enhance the roll-off characteristics for the filter. The capacitors Cx should be the same, while the wiper values of the Pots should be similar. The differences Implementing a More Precise Rheostat would be to compensate for the slight variations of the RAB The RAB value of a typical digital potentiometer can vary as values of each Pot and the variations of the capacitors. much as ±20%, so a device with a 10 kΩ RAB value could have an RAB value as small as 8 kΩ, as large as Programmable Filter 12 kΩ. In a system, this variation for the rheostat value may not be desirable. This variation can be calibrated out W W to make a precise rheostat, at a cost of the resolution of B A B A the device. VIN + VOUT If we design the application circuit where this rheostat - Pot2 C2 Pot1 C1 only operates from 0Ω to 8 kΩ, all digital potentiometer devices (over process) will meet this requirement. Now with calibration, we will need to ensure that the wiper value is limited to a value where the rheostat value is the closest resistance value to the desired rheostat target value of 8 kΩ. The worst case (lowest) wiper value occurs when the RAB value is 12 kΩ. In this case, a wiper value of 171. results in a resistance of 8016Ω. This results in a resolution of approximately 7.4 bits, or 0.58%. In potentiometer mode, the process variation of the RAB value may not be an application issue since the device is operating as a voltage divider. 12 Digital Potentiometer Design Guide

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Demo/Evaluation Support MCP402X Non-Volatile Digital Potentiometer Evaluation Board Microchip Technology offers several boards that support the demonstration and evaluation of the digital Part Number: MCP402XEV potentiometer devices. These boards fall into two This low-cost board enables user’s categories: to exercise all of the features of the (cid:132) Populated boards to demonstrate/evaluate the specific MCP401X and MCP402X devices. device(s) Kit includes one populated and one (cid:132) Blank printed circuit boards (PCBs) unpopulated PCB. The populated board has an MCP4021-103E/SN digital potentiometer The blank PCBs allow customers to populate the device configured as a “windowed” potentiometer using a 2.5 kΩ and supporting circuit to best evaluate the performance pull-up and a 2.5 kΩ pull-down resistor. The PCB supports and characteristics of the desired device configuration. the 8-pin SOIC, SOT-23-6 and SOT-23-5 package variations. The unpopulated PCB allows user’s to build the exact The following boards are available on the Microchip web combination of components their application requires. site at: www.microchip.com/analogtools. MCP42XXX Digital Potentiometer Evaluation Board Part Package Supported Name Part Number: DV42XXX Number # Pins Types Includes an evaluation board, prototype MCP4XXX Demo MCP4XXXDM-DB – MCP42XXX (DIP) and board, RS-232 cable, 9V DC power supply, Daughter Board MCP40X1 (SOIC) MXLAB® software, digital potentiometers MCP401X/2X MCP402XEV – MCP40X1 (SOT-23) and PIC® microcontroller. Used with Evaluation Board the MXDEV® Driver Board (available MCP4XXXX MXDEV® DV42XXX – MCP42XXX separately). Daughter Board 14-pin SOIC/TSSOP/ SOIC14EV 14 DIP, SOIC and TSSOP SOT-23-5/6 Voltage Supervisor Evaluation Board DIP Evaluation Board Part Number: VSUPEV2 8-pin SOIC/MSOP/ SOIC8EV 8 DIP, MSOP, SOIC and This blank PCB allows quick evaluation of TSSOP/DIP Evaluation TSSOP Board voltage supervisors and voltage detectors in the SOT-23-5 and SOT-23-6 packages. SOT-23-5/6 Evaluation VSUPEV2 5 and 6 SOT-23 This PCB supports many Microchip Board devices, including the non-volatile Digital Potentiometer and PIC10F2XX devices. MCP4XXX Digital Potentiometer Daughter Board SOIC 8-Lead Evaluation Board Part Number: MCP4XXXDM-DB Part Number: SOIC8EV This board allows evaluation of the A blank PCB to easily evaluate MCP42XXX and MCP402X Digital Microchip’s 8-pin devices (in SOIC, DIP, Potentiometers. The MCP42XXX are dual MSOP and TSSOP packages). Each digital potentiometer devices that have the device pin is connected to a pull-up same characteristics as the single digital resistor, a pull-down resistor, an in-line resistor and a potentiometer devices (MCP41XXX). The MCP402X devices loading capacitor. The PCB pads allow through hole are non-volatile and have similar characteristics to their or surface mount connectors to be installed to ease volatile memory versions (MCP401X). The board supports connection to the board. Additional passive component two MCP42XXX devices to allow the resistor networks footprints are on the board, to allow simple circuits to be to be “stacked” and form a programmable windowed implemented. digital potentiometer. The board also has a voltage doubler device (TC1240A), which can be used to show the 14-Pin SOIC/TSSOP/DIP Evaluation Board WiperLock™ Technology feature of the MCP4021. Part Number: SOIC14EV This 14-lead SOIC/TSSOP/DIP evaluation board allows system designers to quickly evaluate the operation of Microchip’s devices in either SOIC, DIP or TSSOP packages. Digital Potentiometer Design Guide 13

Digital Potentiometer Solutions The following Application Notes are available on the AN746: Interfacing Microchip’s MCP41XXX/MCP4XXX Microchip web site: www.microchip.com. Digital Potentiometer to a PIC® Microcontroller Communications between the MCP41XXX and MCP42XXX AN219: Comparing Digital Potentiometers to Mechanical family of digital potentiometers and a PIC16F876 Potentiometers microcontroller is discussed. These devices communicate This application note compares two types of using a standard 3-wire SPI compatible interface. The potentiometers – the mechanical potent iometer code supplied with this application note will include both (also called a trimmer potentiometer) and the digital absolute and relocatable assembly code, written for both potentiometer. Resistor potentiometers can be found in hardware SPI and fi rmware SPI implementations. electronic circ uits across a wide spectrum of applications. Most typi cally, they function in a voltage divider AN747: Communicating with Daisy Chained MCP42XXX confi guration in order to execute various types of tasks, Digital Potentiometers such as offset or gain adjust. The MCP41XXX and MCP42XXX family of digital potentiometers allow for daisy chaining of multiple devices AN691: Optimizing Digital Potentiometer Circuits to on a single SPI bus. It is possible to communicate to Reduce Absolute Temperature Variations multiple devices using one 3-wire data bus (CS, CLK and Circuit ideas are presented that use the necessary design DATA), by connecting the SO pin on one device to the techniques to mitigate errors, consequently optimizing the SI pin of the next device in the chain. This application performance of the digital potentiometer. note details one example of source code that is used to communicate with eight daisy chained devices. AN692: Using Digital Potentiometers to Optimize a Precision Single-Supply Photo Detect Circuit AN757: Interfacing Microchip’s MCP41XXX/MCP4XXX This application note shows how the adjustability of the Digital Potentiometer to the Motorola 68HC12 digital potentiometer can be used to an advantage in Microcontroller photosensing circuits. Communication between the MCP41XXX and MCP42XXX family of digital potentiometers and the Motorola 68HC12 AN737: Using Digital Potentiometers to Design family of microcontrollers is discussed. These devices Low-Pass Adjustable Filters communicate using a standard 3-wire SPI compatible A programmable, second-order, low-pass fi lter is presented interface. Specifi cally, the MC68HC912B32 evaluation in four different scenarios. The fi rst three scenarios will board was used. illustrate how a dual digital potentiometer and a single amplifi er can be confi gured for low-pass second-order Butterworth, Bessel and Chebyshev responses with a programmab le corner frequency range of 1:100. An example of the digital potentiometer setting for these designs is summarized. The fourth scenario will show the same circuit design, where all three approximation methods (Butterworth, Bessel and Chebyshev) can coexist with a programmable corner frequency range of 1:10. 14 Digital Potentiometer Design Guide

Digital Potentiometer Solutions Stand-Alone Analog and Interface Products Thermal Power Management Management Linear Mixed-Signal Interface Temperature LDO & Switching Op Amps A/D Converter CAN Peripherals Sensors Regulators Families Infrared Programmable Fan Speed Charge Pump Digital Peripherals Gain Controllers/ DC/DC Converters Potentiometers Amplifiers LIN Transceiver Fan Fault Power MOSFET D/A Converters Detectors Comparators Serial Peripherals Drivers V/F and F/V Linear Ethernet Controller PWM Controllers Converters Integrated System Supervisors Devices Energy Measurement Voltage Detectors ICs Voltage References Battery Management Li-Ion/Li-Polymer Battery Chargers Smart Battery Managers Digital Potentiometer Design Guide 15

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