Features • Protocol – USB Used as Physical Layer – Device Firmware Upgrade Class Compliant – USB Clock Auto-Configuration • In-System Programming – Read/Write Flash and EEPROM Memories – Read Device ID – Full-chip Erase – Read/Write Configuration Bytes USB – Security Setting from ISP Command – Remote Application Start Command Microcontrollers • In-Application Programming/Self Programming (IAP) – Read/Write Flash and EEPROM Memories – Read Device ID – Block Erase AT89C5131A – Read/Write Configuration Bytes – Bootloader Start USB Bootloader Description This document describes the USB bootloader functionalities as well as the USB proto- col to efficiently perform operations on the on-chip Flash (EEPROM) memories. Additional information on the AT89C5131A product can be found in the AT89C5131A datasheet and the AT89C5131A errata sheet available on the Atmel web site. The bootloader software package (binary) currently used for production is available from the Atmel web site. Bootloader Revision Purpose of Modifications Date Revision 1.0.2 First release 25/03/2003 Revision 1.2.0 Bootloader improvement 20/03/2007 4287E–USB–04/08

Functional The AT89C5131A bootloader facilitates In-System Programming and In-Application Description Programming. In-System In-System Programming allows the user to program or reprogram a microcontroller on-chip Programming Flash memory without removing it from the system and without the need of a pre-programmed Capability (IAP) application. The USB bootloader can manage a communication with a host through the USB bus. It can also access and perform requested operations on the on-chip Flash memory. In-Application In-Application Programming (IAP) allows the reprogramming of a microcontroller on-chip Flash Programming or memory without removing it from the system and while the embedded application is running. Self Programming The USB bootloader contains some Application Programming Interface routines named API rou- Capability (ISP) tines that allow IAP by using the user’s firmware. Block Diagram This section describes the different parts of the bootloader. Figure 1 shows the on-chip boot- loader and IAP processes. Figure 1. Bootloader Process Description On-chip External Host Via the USB Protocol User Communication Application IAP ISP Communication User Call Management Management Flash Memory Management Flash Memory AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 2 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader ISP Communication The purpose of this process is to manage the communication and its protocol between the on- Management chip bootloader and an external device (host). The on-chip bootloader implements a USB proto- col (see section“Protocol”). This process translates serial communication frames (USB) into Flash memory accesses (read, write, erase...). User Call Management Several Application Program Interface (API) calls are available to the application program to selectively erase and program Flash pages. All calls are made through a common interface (API calls) included in the bootloader. The purpose of this process is to translate the application request into internal Flash memory operations. Flash Memory This process manages low level access to the Flash memory (performs read and write access). Management Bootloader Configuration Configuration and The table below lists Configuration and Manufacturer byte information used by the bootloader. Manufacturer This information can be accessed through a set of API or ISP commands. Information Mnemonic Description Default Value BSB Boot Status Byte FFh SBV Software Boot Vector FCh SSB Software Security Byte FFh EB Extra Byte FFh P1_CF Port 1 Configuration FEh P3_CF Port 3 Configuration FFh P4_CF Port 4 Configuration FFh Manufacturer 58h Id1: Family code D7h Id2: Product Name F7h Id3: Product Revision DFh 3 4287E–USB–04/08

Mapping and Default The 4 MSB of the Hardware Byte can be read/written by software (this area is called Fuse bits). Value of Hardware The 4 LSB can only be read by software and written by hardware in parallel mode (with parallel Security Byte programmer devices). Bit Position Mnemonic Default Value Description 7 X2B U To start in x1 mode 6 BLJB P To map the boot area in code area between F800h-FFFFh 5 OSCON1 U Oscillator control (bit 1) 4 OSCON0 U Oscillator control (bit 0) 3 reserved U 2 LB2 P 1 LB1 U To lock the chip (see datasheet) 0 LB0 U Note: U: Unprogrammed = 1 P: Program = 0 Security The bootloader has Software Security Byte (SSB) to protect itself from user access or ISP access. The Software Security Byte (SSB) protects from ISP accesses. The command "Program Soft- ware Security Bit" can only write a higher priority level. There are three levels of security: • Level 0: NO_SECURITY (FFh) This is the default level. From level 0, one can write level 1 or level 2. • Level 1: WRITE_SECURITY (FEh) In this level it is impossible to write in the Flash memory. The Bootloader returns an err_WRITE status. From level 1, one can write only level 2. • Level 2: RD_WR_SECURITY (FCh) Level 2 forbids all read and write accesses to/from the Flash memory. The Bootloader returns an err_WRITE or an err_VENDOR status. Only a full chip erase command can reset the software security bits. Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Flash/EEPROM Any access allowed Read only access allowed All access not allowed Fuse bit Any access allowed Read only access allowed All access not allowed BSB & SBV & EB Any access allowed Any access allowed Any access allowed SSB Any access allowed Write level2 allowed Read only access allowed Manufacturer info Read only access allowed Read only access allowed Read only access allowed Bootloader info Read only access allowed Read only access allowed Read only access allowed Erase block Allowed Not allowed Not allowed Full chip erase Allowed Allowed Allowed Blank Check Allowed Allowed Allowed AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 4 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader In-System ISP allows the user to program or reprogram a microcontroller’s on-chip Flash memory through Programming the USB bus without removing it from the system and without the need of a pre-programmed application. This section describes how to start the USB bootloader and the higher level protocol over the USB. Boot Process The bootloader can be activated in two ways: • Hardware conditions • Regular boot process Figure 3 and Figure 4 describe the boot process flows for low pin count and high pin count products. High Pin Count The Hardware conditions (EA = 1, PSEN = 0) during the RESET rising edge force the on-chip Hardware Conditions bootloader execution. In this way the bootloader can be carried out regardless of the user Flash memory content. It is recommended to pull the PSEN pin down to ground though a 1K resistor to prevent the PSEN pin from being damaged (see Figure 2 below). Figure 2. ISP Hardware conditions VCC VCC VCC EA ALE Unconnected C2 RST XTAL2 GND Bootloader Crystal /PSEN XTAL1 GND C1 1K VSS GND GND GND As PSEN is an output port in normal operating mode (running user application or bootloader code) after reset, it is recommended to release PSEN after rising edge of reset signal. The hard- ware conditions are sampled at reset signal rising edge, thus they can be released at any time when reset input is high. Low Pin Count The Hardware Condition forces the bootloader execution from reset. Hardware Conditions The default factory Hardware Condition is assigned to port P1. • P1 must be equal to FEh In order to offer the best flexibility, the user can define its own Hardware Condition on one of the following Ports: • Port1 5 4287E–USB–04/08

• Port3 • Port4 (only bit0 and bit1) The Hardware Condition configuration are stored in three bytes called P1_CF, P3_CF, P4_CF. These bytes can be modified by the user through a set of API or through an ISP command. There is a priority between P1_CF, P3_CF and P4_CF (see Figure 4 on page 9). Note: The BLJB must be at 0 (programmed) to be able to restart the bootloader. If the BLJB is equal to 1 (unprogrammed) only the hardware parallel programmer can change this bit (see AT89C5131A datasheet for more details). AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 6 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Software Boot The default value [FF]00h is used in ISP mode. The boot address is, in this mode, the lowest Vector adress of FM1 USB bootloader. The Software Boot Vector (SBV) can be used to force the execution of a user bootloader starting at address [SBV]00h in the application area (FM0). The way to start this user bootloader is described in section“Boot Process”. USB Bootloader [FC]00h User Bootloader FM1 Application [SBV]00h FM0 FLIP Software FLIP is a PC software program running under Windows® 9x/Me/2000/XP and Linux® which can Program be used in ISP mode and which supports all Atmel C51 Flash microcontroller and USB protocol communication media. The FLIP software program is free and is available from the Atmel web site. 7 4287E–USB–04/08

Figure 3. High-pin Count Regular Boot Process Bit ENBOOT in AUXR1 Register is RESET Initialized with BLJB inverted s s e e ENBOOT = 1 war oc PC = F400h d Pr Hardware Yes FCON = 00h r Condition a t H o o B No ENBOOT = 0 PC = 0000h Yes BLJB = 1 ENBOOT = 1 PC = F400h No FCON = 0Fh Yes FCON = 00h s s e c o No r P t o o B No SBV < 7Fh e r a w t Yes f o S Start Application Start User Bootloader Start Bootloader AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 8 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Figure 4. Low-pin Count Regular Boot Process RESET Bit ENBOOT in AUXR1 Register is Initialized with BLJB Inverted s s ee waroc ENBOOT = 0 dPr PC = 0000h Yes BLJB = 1 r at Hoo ENBOOT = 1 B No PC = F400h No Yes P1_CF = FFh No No Yes P1_CF = P1 P3_CF = FFh Yes No s P3_CF = P3 No Yes s P4_CF = FFh e c o r Yes P No P4_CF = P4 t o o B Yes e r BSB = 0 Yes a w t f o No S No SBV < 7Fh Yes Start Application Start User Bootloader Start Bootloader 9 4287E–USB–04/08

Physical Layer The USB norm specifies all the transfers over the USB line. The USB specification also includes several CLASS and SUB-CLASS specifications. These stand-alone documents are used by the manufacturer to implement a USB link between a PC and a device supporting the In System Programming. Mostly, the USB specification is implemented by hardware (automatic reply, handshakes, timings, ...) and the USB Classes and SubClasses are implemented by software at a data level. Figure 5. USB Bus Topography Downstream Transfer: OUT Upstream Transfer: IN Device driver/API PC Driver Firmware PC Application USB Line Application (Device) PC (Host) The USB is used to transmit information that has the following configuration: • USB DFU using the Default Control Endpoint only (endpoint 0) with a 32 bytes length. • 48 MHz for USB controller: USB clock configuration performed by the bootloader 48 MHz Frequency The bootloader includes a function which will automatically setup the PLL frequency (48MHz) Auto-Configuration versus the different XTAL configuration used on the application. The table below shows the allowed frequencies compatible with the USB bootloader 48 MHz auto-generation. 6 MHz 8 MHz 12 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz 24 MHz 32 MHz 40 MHz 48 MHz X1 or X2 Clock OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK Modes AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 10 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Figure 6. 48 MHz Frequency Auto-Configuration MAIN No USB Connected? Suspend/Resume Yes No Resume Detected? Configure PLL for Yes Frequency X Configure Timer 0 Yes SOF Detected? No Timer 0 Overflow? No Yes Change Frequency USB Scheduler 11 4287E–USB–04/08

Protocol Device Firmware Device Firmware Upgrade is the mechanism for accomplishing the task of upgrading the device Upgrade Introduction firmware. Any class of USB device can exploit this capability by supporting the requirements specified in this document. Because it is impractical for a device to concurrently perform both DFU operations and its nor- mal run-time activities, those normal activities must cease for the duration of the DFU operations. Doing so means that the device must change its operating mode; i.e., a printer is not a printer while it is undergoing a firmware upgrade; it is a PROM programmer. However, a device that supports DFU is not capable of changing its mode of operation on its own. External (human or host operating system) intervention is required. DFU Specific Requests In addition of the USB standard requests, 7 DFU class-specific requests are employed to accomplish the upgrade operations (Table 1): Table 1. DFU Class-specific Requests bmRequestType bRequest wValue wIndex wLength Data 0010 0001b DFU_DETACH (0) wTimeout Interface (4) Zero none 0010 0001b DFU_DNLOAD (1) wBlock Interface (4) Length Firmware 1010 0001b DFU_UPLOAD (2) wBlock Interface (4) Length Firmware 1010 0001b DFU_GETSTATUS (3) Zero Interface (4) 6 Status 0010 0001b DFU_CLRSTATUS (4) Zero Interface (4) Zero none 1010 0001b DFU_GETSTATE (5) Zero Interface (4) 1 State 0010 0001b DFU_ABORT (6) Zero Interface (4) Zero none DFU Descriptors Set The device exports the DFU descriptor set, which contains: • A DFU device descriptor • A single configuration descriptor • A single interface descriptor (including descriptors for alternate settings, if present) • A single functional descriptor DFU Device Descriptor This descriptor is only present in the DFU mode descriptor set. The DFU class code is reported in the bDeviceClass field of this descriptor. Table 2. USB Parameters Parameter Atmel – AT89C5131A Bootloader Vendor ID 0x03EB Product ID 0x2FFD Release Number 0x0000 AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 12 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Table 3. DFU Mode Device Descriptor Offset Field Size Value Description 0 bLength 1 12h Size of this descriptor, in bytes 1 bDescriptorType 1 01h DFU FUNCTIONAL descriptor type 2 bcdUSB 2 0100h USB specification release number in binary coded decimal 4 bDeviceClass 1 FEh Application Specific Class Code 5 bDeviceSubClass 1 01h Device Firmware Upgrade Code 6 bDeviceProtocol 1 00h The device does not use a class specific protocol on this interface 7 bMaxPacketSize0 1 32 Maximum packet size for endpoint zero 8 idVendor 2 03EBh Vendor ID 10 idProduct 2 2FFDh Product ID 12 bcdDevice 2 0x0000 Device release number in binary coded decimal 14 iManufacturer 1 0 Index of string descriptor 15 iProduct 1 0 Index of string descriptor 16 iSerialNumber 1 0 Index of string descriptor 17 bNumConfigurations 1 01h One configuration only for DFU DFU Configuration This descriptor is identical to the standard configuration descriptor described in the USB DFU Descriptor specification version 1.0, with the exception that the bNumInterfaces field must contain the value 01h. DFU Interface This is the descriptor for the only interface available when operating in DFU mode. Therefore, Descriptor the value of the bInterfaceNumber field is always zero. Table 4. DFU Mode Interface Descriptor Offset Field Size Value Description 0 bLength 1 09h Size of this descriptor, in bytes 1 bDescriptorType 1 04h INTERFACE descriptor type 2 bInterfaceNumber 1 00h Number of this interface 3 bAlternateSetting 1 00h Alternate setting(1) 4 bNumEndpoints 1 00h Only the control pipe is used 5 bInterfaceClass 1 FEh Application Specific Class Code 6 bInterfaceSubClass 1 01h Device Firmware Upgrade Code 7 bInterfaceProtocol 1 00h The device doesn’t use a class specific protocol on this interface 8 iInterface 1 00h Index of the String descriptor for this interface Note: 1. Alternate settings can be used by an application to access additional memory segments. In this case, it is suggested that each alternate setting employ a string descriptor to indicate the target memory segment; e.g., “EEPROM”. Details concern- ing other possible uses of alternate settings are beyond the scope of this document. However, their use is intentionally not restricted because the authors anticipate that implementers will devise additional creative uses for alternate settings. 13 4287E–USB–04/08

DFU Functional Descriptor Table 5. DFU Functional Descriptor Offset Field Size Value Description 0 bLength 1 07h Size of this descriptor, in bytes 1 bDescriptorType 1 21h DFU FUNCTIONAL descriptor type DFU Attributes: bit 7..3: reserved bit 2: device is able to communicate via USB after Manifestation 2 bmAttributes 1 Bit mask phase 1 = yes, 0 = no, must see bus reset bit 1: bitCanUpload : upload capable 1 = yes, 0 = no bit 0: bitCanDnload : download capable 1 = yes, 0 = no Time in milliseconds that the device will wait after receipt of the DFU_DETACH request. If this time elapses without a USB reset, the device will terminate the 3 wDetachTimeOut 2 Number Reconfiguration phase and revert back to normal operation. This represents the maximum time that the device can wait (depending on its timers, ...). The Host may specify a shorter timeout in the DFU_DETACH request. Maximum number of bytes that the device can accept per control- 5 wTransferSize 2 Number write transaction Command Description This protocol allows to: • Initiate the communication • Program the Flash or EEPROM Data • Read the Flash or EEPROM Data • Program Configuration Information • Read Configuration and Manufacturer Information • Erase the Flash • Start the application Overview of the protocol is detailed in Appendix-A. AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 14 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Device Status Get Status The Host employs the DFU_GETSTATUS request to facilitate synchronization with the device. This status gives information on the execution of the previous request: in progress/OK/Fail/... bmRequestType bRequest wValue wIndex wLength Data 1010 0001b DFU_GETSTATUS (3) Zero Interface (4) 6 Status 0010 0001b DFU_CLRSTATUS (4) Zero Interface (4) Zero none The device responds to the DFU_GETSTATUS request with a payload packet containing the fol- lowing data: Table 6. DFU_GETSTATUS Response Offset Field Size Value Description Numb An indication of the status resulting from the 0 bStatus 1 er execution of the most recent request. Minimum time in milliseconds that the host should wait before sending a subsequent DFU_GETSTATUS. The purpose of this field is to Numb allow the device to dynamically adjust the 1 bwPollTimeOut 3 er amount of time that the device expects the host to wait between the status phase of the next DFU_DNLOAD and the subsequent solicitation of the device’s status via DFU_GETSTATUS. An indication of the state that the device is going Numb 4 bState 1 to enter immediately following transmission of er this response. 5 iString 1 Index Index of status description in string table. Table 7. bStatus values Status Value Description OK 0x00 No error condition is present errTARGET 0x01 File is not targeted for use by this device errFILE 0x02 File is for this device but fails some vendor-specific verification test errWRITE 0x03 Device id unable to write memory errERASE 0x04 Memory erase function failed errCHECK_ERASED 0x05 Memory erase check failed errPROG 0x06 Program memory function failed errVERIFY 0x07 Programmed memory failed verification errADDRESS 0x08 Cannot program memory due to received address that is out of range errNOTDONE 0x09 Received DFU_DNLOAD with wLength = 0, but device does not think it has all the data yet. errFIRMWARE 0x0A Device’s firmware is corrupted. It cannot return to run-time operations errVENDOR 0x0B iString indicates a vendor-specific error 15 4287E–USB–04/08

Table 7. bStatus values (Continued) Status Value Description errUSBR 0x0C Device detected unexpected USB reset signaling errPOR 0x0D Device detected unexpected power on reset errUNKNOWN 0x0E Something went wrong, but the device does not know what it was errSTALLEDPK 0x0F Device stalled an unexpected request Table 8. bState Values State Value Description appIDLE 0 Device is running its normal application Device is running its normal application, has received the DFU_DETACH appDETACH 1 request, and is waiting for a USB reset dfuIDLE 2 Device is operating in the DFU mode and is waiting for requests Device has received a block and is waiting for the Host to solicit the dfuDNLOAD-SYNC 3 status via DFU_GETSTATUS dfuDNBUSY 4 Device is programming a control-write block into its non volatile memories Device is processing a download operation. Expecting DFU_DNLOAD dfuDNLOAD-IDLE 5 requests Device has received the final block of firmware from the Host and is waiting for receipt of DFU_GETSTATUS to begin the Manifestation phase dfuMANIFEST-SYNC 6 or device has completed the Manifestation phase and is waiting for receipt of DFU_GETSTATUS. dfuMANIFEST 7 Device is in the Manifestation phase. dfuMANIFEST-WAIT- Device has programmed its memories and is waiting for a USB reset or a 8 RESET power on reset. The device is processing an upload operation. Expecting DFU_UPLOAD dfuUPLOAD-IDLE 9 requests. dfuERROR 10 An error has occurred. Awaiting the DFU_CLRSTATUS request. Clear Status Any time the device detects an error and reports an error indication status to the host in the response to a DFU_GETSTATUS request, it enters the dfuERROR state. The device cannot transition from the dfuERROR state, after reporting any error status, until after it has received a DFU_CLRSTATUS request. Upon receipt of DFU_CLRSTATUS, the device sets a status of OK and transitions to the dfuIDLE state. Only then is it able to transition to other states. bmRequestType bRequest wValue wIndex wLength Data 0010 0001b DFU_CLRSTATUS (4) Zero Interface (4) 0 None AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 16 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Device State This request solicits a report about the state of the device. The state reported is the current state of the device with no change in state upon transmission of the response. The values specified in the bState field are identical to those reported in DFU_GETSTATUS. bmRequestType bRequest wValue wIndex wLength Data 1010 0001b DFU_GETSTATE (5) Zero Interface (4) 1 State DFU_ABORT request The DFU_ABORT request enables the device to exit from certain states and return to the DFU_IDLE state. The device sets the OK status on receipt of this request. For more information, see the corresponding state transition summary. bmRequestType bRequest wValue wIndex wLength Data 1010 0001b DFU_ABORT (6) Zero Interface (4) 0 None Programming the The firmware image is downloaded via control-write transfers initiated by the DFU_DNLOAD Flash or EEPROM class-specific request. The host sends between bMaxPacketSize0 and wTransferSize bytes to Data the device in a control-write transfer. Following each downloaded block, the host solicits the device status with the DFU_GETSTATUS request. As described in the USB DFU Specification, "Firmware images for specific devices are, by defi- nition, vendor specific. It is therefore required that target addresses, record sizes, and all other information relative to supporting an upgrade are encapsulated within the firmware image file. It is the responsibility of the device manufacturer and the firmware developer to ensure that their devices can consume these encapsulated data. With the exception of the DFU file suffix, the content of the firmware image file is irrelevant to the host." Firmware image: • 32 bytes: Command • X bytes: X is the number of byte (00h) added before the first significative byte of the firmware. The X number is calculated to align the beginning of the firmware with the flash page. X = start_address [32]. For example, if the start address is 00AFh (175d), X = 175 [32] = 15. • The firmware • The DFU Suffix on 16 Bytes. Table 9. DFU File Suffix Offset Field Size Value Description -0 dwCRC 4 Number The CRC of the entire file, excluding dwCRC -4 bLength 1 16 The length of this DFU suffix including dwCRC 5 : 44h -5 ucDfuSignature 3 6 : 46h The unique DFU signature field 7 : 55h BCD -8 bcdDFU 2 DFU specification number 0100h The vendor ID associated with this file. Either FFFFh -10 idVendor 2 ID or must match device’s vendor ID 17 4287E–USB–04/08

Offset Field Size Value Description The product ID associated with this file. Either FFFFf -12 idProduct 2 ID or must match the device’s product ID The release number of the device associated with -14 bcdDevice 2 BCD this file. Either FFFFh or a BCD firmware release or version number Request From Host bmRequestType bRequest wValue wIndex wLength Data 0010 0001b DFU_DNLOAD (1) wBlock Interface (4) Length Firmware Write Command Command Identifier data[0] data[1] data[2] data[3] data[4] Description 00h Init FLASH programming Id_prog_start start_address end_address 01h 01h Init EEPROM programming The write command is 6 bytes long. In order to reach the USB specification of the Control type transfers, the write command is completed with 26 (= 32 - 6) non-significant bytes. The total length of the command is then 32 bytes, which is the length of the Default Control Endpoint. Firmware The firmware can now be downloaded to the device. In order to be in accordance with the Flash page size (128 bytes), X non-significant bytes are added before the first byte to program. The X number is calculated to align the beginning of the firmware with the Flash page. X = start_address [32]. For example, if the start address is 00AFh (175d), X = 175 [32] = 15. DFU Suffix The DFU suffix of 16 bytes are added just after the last byte to program. This suffix is reserved for future use. AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 18 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Figure 7. Example of Firmware Download Zero Length DFU_DNLOAD Request SETUP DFU_DNLOAD OUT Prog_Start + (EP0 fifo length - 6) x 00h OUT X offset bytes + Firmware Packet 1 OUT Firmware Packet 2 OUT Firmware Packet n + DFU suffix IN ZLP The Host sends a DFU_DNLOAD request with the wLength field cleared to 0 to the device to indicate that it has completed transferring the firmware image file. This is the final payload packet of a download operation. This operation should be preceded by a Long Jump address specification using the correspond- ing Flash command. Answers from After each program request, the Host can request the device state and status by sending a Bootloader DFU_GETSTATUS message. If the device status indicates an error, the host can send a DFU_CLRSTATUS request to the device. 19 4287E–USB–04/08

Reading the Flash The flow described below allows the user to read data in the Flash memory or in the EEPROM or EEPROM Data data memory. A blank check command on the Flash memory is possible with this flow. This operation is performed in 2 steps: 1. DFU_DNLOAD request with the read command (6 bytes) 2. DFU_UPLOAD request which correspond to the immediate previous command. First Request from Host The Host sends a DFU Download request with a Display command in the data field. SETUP DFU_DNLOAD OUT Display_Data (6 bytes) IN ZLP Command Identifier data[0] data[1] data[2] data[3] data[4] Description 00h Display FLASH Data Id_display_data 01h start_address end_address Blank Check in FLASH 03h 02h Display EEPROM Data Second Request from The Host sends a DFU Upload request. Host Answers from the The device send to the Host the firmware from the specified start address to the end address. Device SETUP DFU_UPLOAD IN Firmware Packet 1 IN Firmware Packet 2 IN Firmware Packet n OUT ZLP AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 20 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Answers from the The Host controller send a GET_STATUS request to the device. Once internal blank check has Device to a Blank Check been completed, the device sends its status. Command • If the device status is “OK”: the device memory is then blank and the device waits the next Host request. • If the device status is “errCHECK_ERASED”: the device memory is not blank. The device waits for an DFU_UPLOAD request to send the first address where the byte is not 0xFF. Programming The flow described below allows the user to program Configuration Information regarding the Configuration bootloader functionality. Information • Boot Process Configuration: – BSB – SBV – P1_CF, P3_CF and P4_CF – Fuse bits (BLJB, X2 and OSCON bits) (see section“Mapping and Default Value of Hardware Security Byte”) Take care that the Program Fuse bit command programs the 4 Fuse bits at the same time. Request from Host To start the programming operation, the Host sends DFU_DNLOAD request with the Write com- mand in the data field (6 bytes). SETUP DFU_DNLOAD OUT Write_command (6 bytes) IN ZLP Command Identifier data[0] data[1] data[2] data[3] data[4] Description 00h Write value in BSB 01h Write value in SBV 02h Write P1_CF 01h 03h Value Write P3_CF Id_write_command 04h 04h Write P4_CF 05h Write value in SSB 06h Write value in EB Write value in Fuse 02h 00h Value (HSB) Answers From The device has two possible answers to a DFU_GETSTATUS request: Bootloader • If the chip is protected from program access, a “err_WRITE” status is returned to the Host. • Otherwise, the device status is “OK“. 21 4287E–USB–04/08

Reading Configuration The flow described below allows the user to read the configuration or manufacturer information. Information or Manufacturer Information Requests From Host To start the programming operation, the Host sends DFU_DNLOAD request with the Read com- mand in the data field (2 bytes). SETUP DFU_DNLOAD OUT Read_command (2 bytes) IN ZLP Command Identifier data[0] data[1] data[2] data[3] data[4] Description 00h Read Bootloader Version 00h 01h Read Device boot ID1 02h Read Device boot ID2 00h Read BSB 01h Read SBV 02h Read P1_CF 03h Read P3_CF Id_read_command 04h Read P4_CF 05h 01h 05h Read SSB 06h Read EB 30h Read Manufacturer Code 31h Read Family Code 60h Read Product Name 61h Read Product Revision 02h 00h Read HWB AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 22 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Answers from The device has two possible answers to a DFU_GETSTATUS request: Bootloader • If the chip is protected from program access, an “err_VENDOR” status is returned to the Host. • Otherwise, the device status is “OK“. The Host can send a DFU_UPLOAD request to the device in order the value of the requested field. SETUP DFU_UPLOAD IN Byte value (1 byte) OUT ZLP Erasing the Flash The flow described below allows the user to erase the Flash memory. Two modes of Flash erasing are possible: • Full Chip erase • Block erase The Full Chip erase command erases the whole Flash (32 Kbytes) and sets some Configuration Bytes at their default values: • BSB = FFh • SBV = FFh • SSB = FFh (NO_SECURITY) The Block erase command erases only a part of the Flash. Three Blocks are defined in the AT89C5131A: • block0 (From 0000h to 1FFFh) • block1 (From 2000h to 3FFFh) • block2 (From 4000h to 7FFFh) Request from Host To start the erasing operation, the Host sends a DFU_DNLOAD request with a Write Command in the data field (2 bytes). Command Identifier data[0] data[1] data[2] data[3] data[4] Description 00h Erase block0 (0K to 8K) 20h Erase block1 (8K to 16K) Id_write_command 00h 04h 40h Erase block2 (16K to 32K) Full chip Erase (bits at FFh FFh) 23 4287E–USB–04/08

Answers from The device has two possible answers to a DFU_GETSTATUS request: Bootloader • If the chip is protected from program access, a “err_WRITE” status is returned to the Host. • Otherwise, the device status is “OK“. The full chip erase is always executed whatever the Software Security Byte value is. Starting the The flow described below allows to start the application directly from the bootloader upon a spe- Application cific command reception. Two options are possible: • Start the application with a reset pulse generation (using watchdog). When the device receives this command the watchdog is enabled and the bootloader enters a waiting loop until the watchdog resets the device. Take care that if an external reset chip is used the reset pulse in output may be wrong and in this case the reset sequence is not correctly executed. • Start the application without reset A jump at the address 0000h is used to start the application without reset. To start the application, the Host sends a DFU_DNLOAD request with the specified application start type in the data field (3 or 5bytes). This request is immediately followed by a second DFU_DNLOAD request with no data field to start the application with one of the 2 options. Request From Host SETUP DFU_UPLOAD IN Jump Option (3 or 5 Bytes) OUT ZLP SETUP DFU_UPLOAD Command Identifier data[0] data[1] data[2] data[3] data[4] Description Id_write_command 00h Hardware reset 04h 03h 01h address LJMP address Answer from Bootloader No answer is returned by the device. AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 24 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader In-Application The IAP allows to reprogram a microcontroller on-chip Flash memory without removing it from Programming/S the system and while the embedded application is running. elf The user application can call Application Programming Interface (API) routines allowing IAP. These API are executed by the bootloader. Programming To call the corresponding API, the user must use a set of Flash_api routines which can be linked with the application. Example of Flash_api routines are available on the Atmel web site on the software package: C Flash Drivers for the AT89C5131A for Keil® Compilers The flash_api routines on the package work only with the USB bootloader. The flash_api routines are listed in APPENDIX-B. API Call Process The application selects an API by setting the 4 variables available when the flash_api library is linked to the application. These four variables are located in RAM at fixed address: • api_command: 1Ch • api_value: 1Dh • api_dph: 1Eh • api_dpl: 1Fh All calls are made through a common interface “USER_CALL” at the address FFC0h. The jump at the USER_CALL must be done by LCALL instruction to be able to comeback in the application. Before jump at the USER_CALL, the bit ENBOOT in AUXR1 register must be set. Constraints The interrupts are not disabled by the bootloader. Interrupts must be disabled by user prior to jump to the USER_CALL, then re-enabled when returning. Interrupts must also be disabled before accessing EEPROM data then re-enabled after. The user must take care of hardware watchdog before launching a Flash operation. For more information regarding the Flash writing time see the AT89C5131A datasheet. 25 4287E–USB–04/08

API Commands Several types of APIs are available: • Read/Program Flash and EEPROM Data Memory • Read Configuration and Manufacturer Information • Program Configuration Information • Erase Flash • Start Bootloader Read/Program Flash All routines to access EEPROM data are managed directly from the application without using and EEPROM Data bootloader resources. Memory To read the Flash memory the bootloader is not involved. For more details on these routines see the AT89C5131A datasheet sections “Program/Code Memory” and “EEPROM Data Memory” Two routines are available to program the Flash: – __api_wr_code_byte – __api_wr_code_page • The application program load the column latches of the Flash then calls the __api_wr_code_byte or __api_wr_code_page see datasheet in section “Program/Code ”. Memory • Parameter settings API Name api_command api_dph api_dpl api_value __api_wr_code_byte 0Dh __api_wr_code_page • instruction: LCALL FFC0h. Note: No special resources are used by the bootloader during this operation AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 26 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Read Configuration • Parameter settings and Manufacturer Information API Name api_command api_dph api_dpl api_value __api_rd_HSB 08h 00h return HSB __api_rd_BSB 05h 00h return BSB __api_rd_SBV 05h 01h return SBV __api_rd_P1_CF 05h 02h return P1_CF __api_rd_P3_CF 05h 03h return P3_CF __api_rd_P4_CF 05h 04h return P4_CF __api_rd_SSB 05h 05h return SSB __api_rd_EB 05h 06h return EB return __api_rd_manufacturer 05h 30h manufacturer id __api_rd_device_id1 05h 31h return id1 __api_rd_device_id2 05h 60h return id2 __api_rd_device_id3 05h 61h return id3 __api_rd_bootloader_version 0Eh 00h return value • Instruction: LCALL FFC0h. • At the complete API execution by the bootloader, the value to read is in the api_value variable. Note: No special resources are used by the bootloader during this operation 27 4287E–USB–04/08

Program • Parameter settings Configuration Information API Name api_command api_dph api_dpl api_value (HSB & BFh) | __api_clr_BLJB 07h 40h __api_set_BLJB 07h HSB & BFh (HSB & 7Fh) | __api_clr_X2 07h 80h __api_set_X2 07h HSB & 7Fh (HSB & DFh) | __api_clr_OSCON1 07h 20h __api_set_OSCON1 07h HSB & DFh (HSB & EFh) | __api_clr_OSCON0 07h 10h __api_set_OSCON0 07h HSB & EFh __api_wr_BSB 04h 00h value to write __api_wr_SBV 04h 01h value to write __api_wr_P1_CF 04h 02h value to write __api_wr_P3_CF 04h 03h value to write __api_wr_P4_CF 04h 04h value to write __api_wr_SSB 04h 05h value to write __api_wr_EB 04h 06h value to write • instruction: LCALL FFC0h. Notes: 1. See in the T89C51CC01 datasheet the time that a write operation takes. 2. No special resources are used by the bootloader during these operations. Erasing the Flash The AT89C5131A Flash memory is divided in several blocks: Block 0: from address 0000h to 1FFFh Block 1: from address 2000h to 3FFFh Block 2: from address 4000h to 7FFFh These three blocks contain 128 pages. • Parameter settings API Name api_command api_dph api_dpl api_value __api_erase_block0 00h 00h __api_erase_block1 00h 20h __api_erase_block2 00h 40h • instruction: LCALL FFC0h. Notes: 1. See the AT89C5131A datasheet for the time that a write operation takes and this time must multiply by the number of pages. 2. No special resources are used by the bootloader during these operations. AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 28 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Starting the This routine allows to start at the beginning of the bootloader as after a reset. After calling this Bootloader routine the regular boot process is performed and the communication must be opened before any action. • No special parameter setting • Set bit ENBOOT in AUXR1 register • instruction: LJUMP or LCALL at address F400h 29 4287E–USB–04/08

Appendix-A Table 10. Summary of Frames from Host Command Identifier data[0] data[1] data[2] data[3] data[4] Description Id_prog_start 00h Init FLASH programming start_address end_address 01h 01h Init EEPROM programming 00h Display FLASH Data Id_display_data 01h start_address end_address Blank Check in FLASH 03h 02h Display EEPROM Data 00h Erase block0 (0K to 8K) 20h Erase block1 (8K to 16K) 00h 40h Erase block2 (16K to 32K) FFh Full chip Erase (bits at FFh) 00h Write value in BSB 01h Write value in SBV Id_write_command 02h Write P1_CF 04h 01h 03h Value Write P3_CF 04h Write P4_CF 05h Write value in SSB 06h Write value in EB 02h 00h Value Write value in Fuse (HSB) 00h Hardware reset 03h 01h address LJMP address AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 30 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Table 10. Summary of Frames from Host (Continued) Command Identifier data[0] data[1] data[2] data[3] data[4] Description 00h Read Bootloader Version 00h 01h Read Device boot ID1 02h Read Device boot ID2 00h Read BSB 01h Read SBV 02h Read P1_CF 03h Read P3_CF Id_read_command 04h Read P4_CF 05h 01h 05h Read SSB 06h Read EB 30h Read Manufacturer Code 31h Read Family Code 60h Read Product Name 61h Read Product Revision 02h 00h Read HWB Table 11. DFU Class-specific Requests bmRequestType bRequest wValue wIndex wLength Data 0010 0001b DFU_DETACH (0) wTimeout Interface (4) Zero none 0010 0001b DFU_DNLOAD (1) wBlock Interface (4) Length Firmware 1010 0001b DFU_UPLOAD (2) wBlock Interface (4) Length Firmware 1010 0001b DFU_GETSTATUS (3) Zero Interface (4) 6 Status 0010 0001b DFU_CLRSTATUS (4) Zero Interface (4) Zero none 1010 0001b DFU_GETSTATE (5) Zero Interface (4) 1 State 0010 0001b DFU_ABORT (6) Zero Interface (4) Zero none Table 12. USB Parameters Parameter Atmel Vendor ID 0x03EB Product ID 0x2FFD Release Number 0x0000 Table 13. Hardware Security Byte (HSB) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 X2 BLJB OSCON1 OSCON0 LB2 LB1 LB0 31 4287E–USB–04/08

Appendix-2 Table 14. API Summary Bootloader Function Name Execution api_command api_dph api_dpl api_value __api_rd_code_byte no __api_wr_code_byte yes 0Dh __api_wr_code_page yes 0Dh __api_erase block0 yes 00h 00h __api_erase block1 yes 00h 20h __api_erase block2 yes 00h 40h __api_rd_HSB yes 08h 00h return value __api_clr_BLJB yes 07h (HSB & BFh) | 40h __api_set_BLJB yes 07h HSB & BFh __api_clr_X2 yes 07h (HSB & 7Fh) | 80h __api_set_X2 yes 07h HSB & 7Fh __api_clr_OSCON1 yes 07h (HSB & DFh) | 20h __api_set_OSCON1 yes 07h HSB & DFh __api_clr_OSCON0 yes 07h (HSB & EFh) | 10h __api_set_OSCON0 yes 07h HSB & EFh __api_rd_BSB yes 05h 00h return value __api_wr_BSB yes 04h 00h value __api_rd_SBV yes 05h 01h return value __api_wr_SBV yes 04h 01h value __api_erase_SBV yes 04h 01h FFh __api_rd_P1_CF yes 05h 02h return value __api_wr_P1_CF yes 04h 02h value __api_rd_P3_CF yes 05h 03h return value __api_wr_P3_CF yes 04h 03h value __api_rd_P4_CF yes 05h 04h return value __api_wr_P4_CF yes 04h 04h value __api_rd_SSB yes 05h 05h return value __api_wr_SSB yes 04h 05h value __api_rd_EB yes 05h 06h return value __api_wr_EB yes 04h 06h value __api_rd_manufacturer yes 05h 30h return value __api_rd_device_id1 yes 05h 31h return value AT89C5131A USB Bootloader 32 4287E–USB–04/08

AT89C5131A USB Bootloader Table 14. API Summary (Continued) Bootloader Function Name Execution api_command api_dph api_dpl api_value __api_wr_code_page yes 01h __api_rd_device_id2 yes 05h 60h return value __api_rd_device_id3 yes 05h 61h return value __api_rd_bootloader_version yes 0Eh 00h return value __api_eeprom_busy no __api_rd_eeprom_byte no __api_wr_eeprom_byte no __api_start_bootloader no __api_start_isp no 33 4287E–USB–04/08

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